Following the Guardian's extensive report last week on hydraulic fracturing – or fracking – here is a round-up of information on the natural gas energy rush that is threatening the fledgling renewables industry

Tuesday 26 April 2011 17.46 BST

 

Conservation International's top 20 surprising species - in pictures

Conservation International is celebrating 20 years of its rapid assessment programme, which sends field scientists into remote habitats and has discovered more than 1,300 new species. To mark the anniversary, the organisation has named the top 20 'stars' of the programme's history, that scientists say are 'some of the most biologically surprising, unique, or threatened discoveries'

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• guardian.co.uk, Wednesday 27 April 2011 12.36 BST

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Uroplatus phantasticus, the satanic leaf-tailed gecko, was observed on an RAP survey in the Mantadia-Zahamena corridor of Madagascar in 1998. This gecko is the smallest of 12 species of bizarre-looking leaf-tailed geckos that are nocturnal, arboreal and endemic to Madagascar. They are only found in primary, undisturbed forests, so their populations are very sensitive to habitat destruction. In 2004, WWF listed all of the uroplatus species on their 'top 10 most wanted species list' of animals threatened by illegal wildlife trade Photograph: Piotr Naskrecki/Conservation International

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Air pollution is such in London that drastic measures would be required before 'greenest ever Games' to avoid £175m fine

• Toxic waste clean-up on Olympic site cost taxpayers £12.7m

 Sunday 24 April 2011 18.03 BST

Even a 30% reduction in normal traffic during the Olympics would not bring emissions down to a legal limit, a report has said. Photograph: Dan Kitwood/Getty Images

Britain could be fined up to £175m by the International Olympic Committee if it continues to break air pollution laws by the time the Games begin next August.

The prospect of the air pollution penalty is becoming a major source of embarrassment to the government and Olympic organisers who set a goal of making the Games "the greenest ever" but have already watered down green measures planned for the event.

To meet the legally binding agreement, London may have to reduce traffic levels by more than 30% over a period of nearly a month, raising the possibility of draconian measures such as banning cars with number plates ending in odd and even numbers on alternate days.

Under the non-negotiable host city contract with the IOC – signed by the government and the mayor of London in 2005 – the IOC can withhold 25% of the expected £700m broadcasting income generated from the Games should air quality levels exceed EU limits during the games.

The contract has been given a temporary extension until later this year by the EU for the reduction of levels of small particulate matter (PM10), but has so far failed to find a way to do so and London risks a £300m fine from the European commission later this year.

London is one of the most polluted cities in Europe, with official studies showing that air pollution – mainly from traffic – causes more premature deaths than passive smoking and traffic accidents combined, at a cost of about £2bn a year.

According to the Olympic Delivery Authority's Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), published this week, the expected increases in traffic along the Olympic route network of 600km of London roads during the Games will lead to further breaches of European legal limits in areas that already suffer from poor air quality.

Even a 30% reduction in normal traffic during the period of the Olympics may not be enough to bring emissions below the legal limit, it said.

Lawyers said London now has few options left beyond actions such as imposing an odd and even number plate ban throughout the city to enable endurance events, such as the marathon, to take place.

At the last Olympic Games, in 2008, Beijing had to ban more than 1m cars and close factories.

"The SEA shows that there is a real risk that the Games will result in air quality laws being broken in London in 2012," Alan Andrews, a lawyer with the legal group Client Earth, said.

"By failing to take this risk seriously, the government and the mayor are painting themselves into a corner. If air quality limits look like being broken, it's difficult to see what they will be able to do other than impose draconian bans like those used during Beijing 2008.

"Plans need to be put in place now that will ban only the most polluting vehicles from inner London in time for the Games."

"The mayor should be banning all the oldest diesel vehicles from inner London," Simon Birkett, the director of the Campaign for Clean Air in London, said.

The commitments on air quality contained in the contract with the IOC apply in particular to those days when endurance events such as the marathon, the triathlon and the cycling road race take place.

Officials had hoped that reduced traffic during the August holiday season, plus pleas to the public and businesses to change their habits for the duration of the Games, would help reduce pollution.

"It is clearly a problem. It's not London 2012's responsibility, or in its gift to solve it, but it is clearly a problem," Shaun McCarthy, the chair of the Commission for a Sustainable London 2012, an independent body advising the Mayor of London and the Olympics minister, said.

The green impact the Olympics would have here and abroad was a central component of London's winning bid over other cities such as Paris.

It was intended that the infrastructure and built environment of the Games "will be designed to take account of the potential impacts of climate change and will set new standards for sustainable production, consumption and recycling of natural resources. There will also be significant long-term benefits in terms of projects, applications of green technologies".

But some promises have already apparently been broken and compromises made. A pledge to generate 20% of energy on site, mainly from a wind turbine in the Olympic park, has been abandoned and, at most, 9% of energy on site will be from renewables.

Plans to create a zero-waste Games, with all on-site waste recycled, have been reduced, and the athletes' village will be smaller and less green than hoped.

"This is a terrible admission of defeat on air pollution and contradicts all the mayor's promises about the 'greenest games ever'," Darren Johnson, a London assembly Green party member, said.

"Failing to deliver modest energy and waste targets on a seven-year project with billions from the public purse just shows what a mess our mayors of London and the government have made of environmental policy.

"The organisers have failed on many of the promises. They are a long way short of the inspirational revolution in environmental policy we were promised." said Darren Johnson, London assembly Green party member.

The ODA head of sustainability, Richard Jackson, said: "The Olympic park has set new standards. With the exception of the 20% renewables target, we are on track to meet all sustainability targets."

A spokesperson for Transport for London said: "We have a comprehensive package of long-term measures to tackle the biggest sources of pollution and improve air quality."

A Way Forward: Facing Climate Change

National Geographic

Masdar City, which is being constructed near Abu Dhabi, will rely entirely on solar energy and other renewable energy sources, and hopes to become the first zero-carbon, zero-waste city

 ,Tuesday 26 April 2011 17.35 BST

A masterplan of Masdar City. It is being built by the Abu Dhabi Future Energy company, a subsidiary of Mubadala Development, with the majority of seed capital provided by the government of Abu Dhabi. Photograph: Foster+Partners

 

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